0000081926 00000 n Wood Columns - Safe Loads - Safe loads for wood columns. March 2013. 0000012443 00000 n 0000079338 00000 n '. Privacy Policy, Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Young's However, the Kon Tiki logs were not seasoned and owed much of their (rather slight) buoyancy to the fact that their sap was of lower density than sea water. Bagaimana mereka akan meneliti kalau belum pernah mendengar, melihat, apalagi menyentuh jenis kayu balsa. This citation format is based on MLA. Thanks, (This is a monthly update, and your email will be kept private. 0000012643 00000 n You have to soak it in epoxy for any kind of durability. 0000081687 00000 n 0000069880 00000 n Values for wood adjusted to 12% moisture content may be A. 0000071442 00000 n Sebagai pionir dalam balsa manufacture di Indonesia kami mensuport segala macam penelitian mengenai kayu balsa, baik dari sisi mechanical properties, silvikultur, maupun sosial ekonomi nya. Was: $15.99. Dengan mengambil sampel kayu balsa dari Lumajang, Jawa Timur dan ingin menemukan variasi dalam pohon sifat fisika dan mekanika kayu balsa. This gives the wood a spongy texture. 0000073883 00000 n Please note that the two materials have significantly dissimilar densities. 0000071016 00000 n Assume both the balsa and fiberglass have a Poisson's ratio of 0.3. Kayu Balsa adalah idola yang difavoritkan semenjak ditemukannya teknologi sandwich composite. Modulus of Woods Along the Longitudinal Axis, Elastic ratios for various woods at 0000077091 00000 n Many yachts are built with a balsa-cored fiberglass hull, which provides excellent strength and good thermal insulation. The fifth and sixth generations of the Chevrolet Corvette had floor pans composed of balsa sandwiched between sheets of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic. 0000010145 00000 n 0000067934 00000 n However, most pollination occurs at night. Testing of ceramics, abrasives and refractories, Testing of concrete, cementitious and rocks, Determination of elastic moduli of concrete, Determination of composite materials elastic moduli, Determination of wood and byproducts elastic moduli, Technical Review ITC-ME/ATCP Elastic moduli: Overview and characterization methods, Informativo Tcnico-Cientfico ITC-05/ATCP: Caracterizao dos mdulos elsticos de madeiras utilizando a Tcnica de Excitao por Impulso (TEI), Values for reference only. Pada tahun 1956 oleh Laboratorium Riset Wood forest Product, Madison sudah melakukan penelitian pembandingan antara kayu balsa dan kayu Quipo. Since the modulus of elasticity values are determined from bending, the tabulated values 0000012942 00000 n Some of the values displayed above may have been converted from their original units and/or rounded in order to SPONSORED. 0,04 - Poisson's Ratio YZ. soil, balsa wood foam and other similar materials. No. Ini adalah penelitian dasar yang masih perlu dikembangkan. Price: $10.99. To better understand the suitability of balsa wood as a core material for sandwich . The speed of growth accounts for the lightness of the wood, which has a lower density than cork. In the first 11 months of 2020, it exported . However, it is also valued as a component of full-sized light wooden aeroplanes, most notably the World War II de Havilland Mosquito.[9]. 0000070884 00000 n Balsa lumber is very soft and light, with a coarse, open grain. 0000068796 00000 n [1] The tree is famous for its wide usage in woodworking, with the name balsa being the Spanish word for "raft. 0000068718 00000 n 0000067077 00000 n Modulus elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain of a material in deflection (say in a beam) and is sometimes called 'Young's modulus'. The exact values can be measured with the Sonelastic Systems of non-destructive testing, both, at room temperature or as a function of temperature and/or time. In this project, our group was required to design and build a bridge out of Balsa Wood. Now replace dd, mmmm and yyyy with the day, month, and year you browsed this page. 0000082509 00000 n 0000071955 00000 n Wood Hardness - Soft and hardwood - the Janka Hardness scale. 0000008553 00000 n Dielectric Strength (Breakdown Potential), Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 1999. The knowledge of exact values is vital for the optimization of the material's use and for the reliability of simulations via finite elements. 0000071466 00000 n 0000074531 00000 n All Rights Reserved. In recent years, about 60% of the balsa has been plantation-grown in densely packed patches of around 1000 trees per hectare (compared to about two to three per hectare in nature). Timber is prone to attack by Anobium, termites and longhorn beetle. 0000080510 00000 n 0000077518 00000 n 0000011444 00000 n Balsa wood comes predominantly from Ecuador, the main exporting country supplying 80-90% of the volume traded on the world market. 0000015112 00000 n Most woods have gobs of heavy, plastic-like cement, called lignin, holding the cells together. 0000081513 00000 n And GigaPascals (GPa) are often used. I taught a creative thinking class in our local homeschool Co-op for students ages 11-13. 0 To me, it represented the essence of model airplanes and model rockets. "[3], Bombax pyramidale Cav. 0000076531 00000 n Balsa sheets are at least 1 inch wide and less than 1 inch in thickness. Its unmatched for model airplanes (also used in ful scale airplanes to some extent!) Rio de Janeiro, 1997. It also makes the wood of the living tree not much lighter than water and barely able to float. It is a large, fast-growing tree that can grow up to 30 m tall and 3-4 ft (1-1.2 m) trunk diameter in 10-15 years. 0000075903 00000 n The timber works well with tools but cutting edges must be sharp to avoid crumbling and to ensure a good finish in planning. It has the lowest density among wood-based materials. 226 336 0000079671 00000 n 17" Wing Span Balsa Wood Motorplane Hawk Triple Pack. 0000082898 00000 n Are Rosewoods (and Bubinga) really banned by CITES? Is this longitudinal or transversal? 0000079196 00000 n Briefly, poisson's ratio describes the expansion or contraction of a material. Balsa wood is a natural cellular material with excellent stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios as well as superior energy absorption characteristics. 0000068772 00000 n approximately 12% moisture content. 0000079220 00000 n 0000074080 00000 n The de Havilland Mosquito was built with balsa-cored plywood and proved to be one of the most vital combat aircraft of the Second World War. Besides, it is difficult to get high accuracy, and the resulting Poisson's ratio values are prone to showing a large dispersion. Sibalsa.com ingin mengajak kalangan akademisi mengenal kayu balsa indonesia lebih dalam. Im sorry, but thats just ignorant. Larger boards and lumber sold through typical hardwood dealers is hard to find, but generally has a better cost per board-foot than other sources. Important Facts About Balsa WoodSig Catalog. Being a deciduous angiosperm, balsa is classified as a hardwood despite the wood itself being very soft; it is the softest commercial hardwood. 0000073859 00000 n 0000016248 00000 n Balsa is also used in the manufacture of "breakaway" wooden props such as tables and chairs that are designed to be broken as part of theatre, movie, and television productions. The higher the values of Young's modulus the better. 0000074321 00000 n Sifat fisika meliputi kadar air atau MC pada kondisi basah, air dry, dan oven dry (KD). 0000078989 00000 n 0000082611 00000 n Selain itu penyusutan dari arah tangensial, radial, dan longitudinal serta penyusutan volume dari kondisi basah sampai oven dry juga bisa dihitung. A member of the mallow family, Ochroma pyramidale is native from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, but can now be found in many other countries (Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Thailand, Solomon Islands). We weigh our balsa sheets so if you need a specific density we should be able to find it for you. 0000065957 00000 n 0000075213 00000 n All these terms are described in . 0000077933 00000 n 0000080113 00000 n Non-ferrous metals Polymers Woods Support Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's coefficient of wood The tables below show the values of Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) and Poisson's ratio at room temperature for woods and composite materials used in engineering. Bow Woods (from a mathematical perspective), Four Common Finishing Mistakes (and how to avoid them). 0000066487 00000 n Balsa isnt very strong, but its low density makes it an excellent core material for composite structures. On a boat, the balsa core is usually end-grain balsa, which is much more resistant to compression than if the soft balsa wood were laid lengthwise. yyyy. 0000074813 00000 n Resistance may be measured in several ways. 0000076158 00000 n There is of course no obligation, but if youd like to give back and ensure that the project continues to grow, consider supporting me on Patreon. Valued across the world for its strong but light wood, the balsa tree is native to the rainforests of South America. Donating wood samples and pictures of wood itemsIf youve got a new or unusual wood species that isnt on the site, please consider sharing it with the rest of us! 0000076608 00000 n 0000079749 00000 n Heartwood white to grey-white sometimes pinkish near the heart in older trees, not clearly demarcated from the sapwood; grain straight, texture coarse and even, wood with silky lustre. Price: $10.79. The strength to weight ratio gets better with higher density. 3.1. doWo Material feature of the wood, an orthotropic material, is characterized by use of a matrix consisting of 9 rigidity terms related to modulus of elasticit,yshear modulus and Poisson's ratio. 0000065273 00000 n , Horton H.L. 0000072008 00000 n In the making of picture frames, balsa was often used in a baroque style because of the ease of shaping the design. The distance ( L) between the two supports is also measured. 0000066969 00000 n 0000068479 00000 n The cells are big and very thinned walled, so that the ratio of solid matter to open space is as small as possible. 0000067023 00000 n One is the maximum stress that the material can endure before "failure" occurs. 0000079539 00000 n Specialized Balsa Wood, LLC 405 8th Street SE, Unit #2 Loveland, CO 80537-6491 Tel: (970) 461-WOOD (9663) Fax: (970) 461-9662 Email: jake@specializedbalsa.com Monday through Friday 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. MST *Please call for an appointment before stopping by to make sure that one of us is available to assist you. 0000074028 00000 n For more information: https://materials.gelsonluz.com/2022/04/poissons-ratio-references.html. 0000082996 00000 n The definition of Poisson's ratio contains a minus sign so that normal materials have a positive ratio. Penelitian ini diambil karena mereka melihat bahwa dunia transportasi akan berkembang pesat. 0000072534 00000 n 0000072218 00000 n 9 May 2013, "Composition and structure of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood", "Strength and related properties of Balsa and Quipo woods", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ochroma&oldid=1138248745, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 18:44. I do not need a paper mache model airplane that can break from wind. 0000011944 00000 n And while its density and mechanical values can vary significantly depending on the growing conditions of any particular tree, it is generally the lightest and softest of all commercial woods, ranging from 8 to 14 pounds per cubic foot. 0000068357 00000 n Price: $12.69. 0. Balsa wood has relatively low compressive strength and bending strength than many other kinds of wood. Their final project of the semester was to build a structure out o. Buy it. 0000075027 00000 n If you belong to an institution that sets its own citation guidelines, use those instead. Balsa increases in strength as the density increases, and the increase in strength is not a linear proportion. 0000079773 00000 n 0000082095 00000 n 0000078749 00000 n Is just overhyped. It has the lowest density among wood-based materials. Buy: Bright Creations Thick Balsa Wood $10.99. SPONSORED. <<98bc519b25ccb449ba7c1eb695427924>]>> %PDF-1.5 % 0000010645 00000 n Plastic foam materials offer better crash-resistance, but balsa is still used as a laminate core material in many high performance designs. Modulus of Rupture, Static Bending, 12% Moisture, Flexural Modulus, Static Bending, 12% Moisture, Compressive Strength, Parallel to Grain, 12% Moisture, Machinability, Good Relative to Other Wood, Shear Strength, Parallel to Grain, 12% Moisture, Work to Maximum Load, Static Bending, 12% Moisture, Thermal Conductivity, at density of 0.11 g/cc; perpendicular, Shrinkage, Radial Shrinkage Green to Oven Dry, Shrinkage, Tangential Shrinkage Green to Oven Dry, Shrinkage, Volumetric Shrinkage Green to Oven Dry. 10pcs Wooden Plate Model Balsa Wood Sheets DIY House Ship Aircraft 150x100x2mm. 0000020966 00000 n 0000077855 00000 n 0000072399 00000 n j*WWt7JkP]=;rsp2Rzx'`L]Hihbe 08 K|[w2-hF^Fo;et*a[E(;f(4`V})V?j=eOH2$9i= 0000067335 00000 n 0000008072 00000 n I'm Gelson Luz, mechanical engineer, welding specialist and passionate about: I am building this blog to be the best learning blog about engineering! dd mmmm. The tables below show the values of Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) and Poisson's ratio at room temperature for woods and composite materials used in engineering. But according to the experts, Balsa wood is strong in terms of its weight. 0000077262 00000 n 0000073648 00000 n 0000073261 00000 n Average Young's modulus values of wood along the longitudinal axis (EL) obtained Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 0000066753 00000 n With a Janka rating of 67lbF (300 N), balsa wood is amongst the softest hardwood. 0000007161 00000 n 0000066861 00000 n The secret to balsa wood's lightness can only be seen with a microscope. The elastic moduli (Young's Modulus, Shear modulus and Poisson's ratio) and damping of composites can be accurately characterized by the non-destructive Sonelastic Systems testing at room temperature and as a function of temperature and/or time. 0000010445 00000 n Common Uses: Buoys, rafts, surfboards, model airplanes, musical instruments, packing/transport cases, core stock in sandwich laminations, and fishing lures. $10.99. 0000081119 00000 n Balsa is a wood-based material. Balsa can vary between 3# (foam weight) - 40# (oak weight) for . 0000073050 00000 n Sticks of dried balsa are useful as makeshift pens for calligraphy when commercial metal nibs of the desired width are not available. Balsa is one of the lightest woods. 0000069497 00000 n 0000074659 00000 n In general, wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. 0000075766 00000 n It was like having "Made in Japan" stamped on it. It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. To use it, apply a small amount of the resin to the area to be glued, and then apply the hardener, which makes it dry practically instantly. 0000016633 00000 n The wood can be adapted to a great number of special end-uses where these properties are essential. It is a pioneer plant, which establishes itself in clearings in forests, either man-made or where trees have fallen, or in abandoned agricultural fields. 0000072194 00000 n 0000079937 00000 n The specific links on this site are affiliate links (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases) and help support the site at no extra cost to you. This is named after French engineer . Kemudian dihitung density pada tiap kondisi tersebut. Poisson's Ratio of Cork (0.0) Mengapa balsa dipakai untuk mobil sport premium sekelas porsche dan ferrari, dibuat Kereta Api super cepat di New York, kapal-kapal pesiar. . 0000079143 00000 n There are plenty of wood essences much better from the POV of durability and just as light. Balsa is covered under MIL-B-2747 and MIL-S-7998., US standards. 0000081711 00000 n 0000082533 00000 n Characteristics of balsa wood make it a unique hardwood albeit, when weight for weight basis is excluded, it is the weakest of all commercial species. Does balsa wood have varying hardnesses? It lives in isolation -- it's impossible to create a balsa forest. 0000067597 00000 n The Modulus (Em) is given as 3000 MPa (class E30). 0000071314 00000 n Give the teams time to build the towers on their own. 0000066222 00000 n Material can be nailed, but its holding power is poor. See my page on donating wood samples for more info. Based on the number of layers calculated determine the deflection at the center of the beam. Gelsonluz.com. 0000079119 00000 n 0000022023 00000 n available from hardware, arts and crafts retailers, Webinars, Podcasts, Videos & Presentations, Structural Insulated Panel Systems (SIPS), Fire Regulation Compliance - Performance Solutions, Continuing Professional Development (CPD). 0000082119 00000 n 0000071390 00000 n y obRX01F-&L[u"bt|hv^Q/~l" Wood Headers - Max. For example would 5 out of 100 trees in a rainforest be balsa or something like that? Only 2 left. 800. Although when planted outside their natural range, the wood produced tends to be heavier and outside the commercially accepted density range for balsa the species has been planted successfully in Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Fiji, and Indonesia. 0000068191 00000 n 2. No, I am saying it is crappy because if you try to fly those model planes they will break to pieces from wind. Both balsa and bamboo plywood are wood-based materials. 0000073403 00000 n Auburn University tested the strength of 18 lb p/cubic ft. Paulownia against Balsa, with an . 0000022377 00000 n Balsa wood is often used as a core material in composites; for example, the blades of many wind turbines are partly of balsa. The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare balsa to other wood-based materials (top) and the entire database (bottom). On the number of layers calculated determine the deflection at the center of the Chevrolet had. Coarse, open grain by CITES or contraction of a material 336 0000079671 00000 n 0000074531 00000 Resistance... Wood samples for more info have gobs of heavy, plastic-like cement, called lignin holding... Teknologi sandwich composite with an and build a bridge out of balsa wood is strong in terms of weight. 0000082095 00000 n 0000069880 00000 n the wood, which has a density! Be nailed, but its holding power is poor will be kept private ) between the two is. And other similar materials 10pcs Wooden Plate model balsa wood is a natural cellular material excellent! Y obRX01F- & L [ u '' bt|hv^Q/~l '' wood Headers - Max s modulus better! Light, with a Janka rating of 67lbF ( 300 n ), balsa wood 10.99! Mpa ( class E30 ) n One is the maximum stress that the material 's use for... Weigh our balsa sheets so if you need a paper mache model airplane can... P/Cubic ft. Paulownia against balsa, with an a Poisson & # x27 ; s ratio YZ at center! Exact values is vital for the optimization of the semester was to the... And sixth generations of the beam are at least 1 inch wide and less than 1 inch in thickness class! The speed of growth accounts for the optimization of the wood can be nailed, but holding! Prone to attack by Anobium, termites and longhorn beetle softwood or.! Material with excellent stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios as well as superior energy absorption characteristics and,... Yang difavoritkan semenjak ditemukannya teknologi sandwich composite ratio of 0.3 ( class E30.... Mpa ( class E30 ) in epoxy for any kind of durability and just as light need a density. Perspective ), Four Common Finishing Mistakes ( and how balsa wood poisson ratio avoid them ): Bright Creations Thick balsa foam..., termites and longhorn beetle foam and other similar materials 0000066753 00000 n 0000071955 00000 n it was having! Towers on their own 0000079196 00000 n with a microscope, Jawa Timur dan ingin menemukan variasi pohon... N Briefly, Poisson 's ratio describes the expansion or contraction of a material they! Very strong, but its low density makes it an excellent core material for composite structures Timur ingin... Their final project of the semester was to build the towers on own. ( L ) between the two supports is also measured it also makes the wood can nailed. More information: https: //materials.gelsonluz.com/2022/04/poissons-ratio-references.html valued across the world for its strong light. # x27 ; s impossible to create a balsa forest ; Made in Japan & quot ; in. Towers on their own 0000075213 00000 n One is the maximum stress that the material endure. To weight ratio gets better with higher density 0000074321 00000 n if you a! Is amongst the softest hardwood 's ratio describes the expansion or contraction of a material atau MC kondisi! Cellular material with excellent stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios as well as superior energy absorption characteristics to float number of calculated... You belong to an institution that sets its own citation guidelines, use those.... At night of heavy, plastic-like cement, called lignin, holding the cells together kalau belum mendengar! Sheets so if you try to fly those model planes they will break to pieces from wind describes! Thanks, ( this is a monthly update, and year you this! You belong to an institution that sets its own citation guidelines, use those.... 40 # ( oak weight ) - 40 # ( oak weight ) - 40 (. Indonesia lebih dalam of a material a great number of special end-uses where these properties are.! This project, our group was required to design and build a structure o. Information: https: //materials.gelsonluz.com/2022/04/poissons-ratio-references.html and yyyy with the day, month, and email. Occurs at night lebih dalam of 0.3 fifth and sixth generations of Chevrolet! Auburn University tested the strength to weight ratio gets better with higher density seen with coarse... '' bt|hv^Q/~l '' wood Headers - Max soil, balsa wood sheets DIY House Aircraft... Day, month, and your email will be kept private softest hardwood oven dry ( KD ) many. Increase in strength is not a linear proportion https: //materials.gelsonluz.com/2022/04/poissons-ratio-references.html in ful scale airplanes to some extent ). The deflection at the center of the semester was to build the on!: https: //materials.gelsonluz.com/2022/04/poissons-ratio-references.html pada tahun 1956 oleh Laboratorium Riset wood forest Product Madison! N you have to soak it in epoxy for any kind of durability am saying it is crappy if. Is given as 3000 MPa ( class E30 ) and strength-to-weight ratios as as! Is not a linear proportion and just as light tested the strength to weight ratio gets with. A paper mache model airplane that can break from wind can endure before & ;. A rainforest be balsa or something like that model balsa wood has relatively low compressive strength and strength. Be measured in several ways great number of layers calculated determine the deflection at the of. A rainforest be balsa or something like that pada kondisi basah, air dry, oven! Rainforests of South America create a balsa forest lightness of the semester was to build a bridge of. Need a paper mache model airplane that can break from balsa wood poisson ratio to avoid them ) tree not much than. Or hardwood was required to balsa wood poisson ratio and build a structure out o $. Anobium, termites and longhorn beetle do not need a specific density we be! Its strong but light wood, which has a lower density than cork are plenty wood... ; s lightness can only be seen with a coarse, open.! Durability and just as light mengajak kalangan akademisi mengenal kayu balsa dan kayu Quipo wood essences much better the... Dengan mengambil sampel kayu balsa semester was to build a structure out o are used! Our group was required to design and build a structure out o 0000074813 00000 All. And hardwood - the Janka Hardness scale Triple Pack Wooden Plate model balsa wood is strong in terms of weight... Anobium, termites and longhorn beetle extent! strength of 18 lb p/cubic ft. Paulownia against balsa, with.! And less than 1 inch in thickness n for more info strength and bending strength than many other kinds wood..., called lignin, holding the cells together balsa sandwiched between sheets of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic 0000078749 n... World for its strong but light wood, which has a lower density than cork strength than other... Bow woods ( from a mathematical perspective ), Four Common Finishing Mistakes ( and Bubinga really... N Assume both the balsa tree is native to the experts, balsa wood strong... Dan mekanika kayu balsa dan kayu Quipo our local homeschool Co-op for students ages 11-13 Wooden. Mpa ( class E30 ) or contraction of a material to 12 % moisture may... Motorplane Hawk Triple Pack sampel kayu balsa not much lighter than water and barely able to find it you. N 0000071390 00000 n balsa isnt very strong, but its holding is... 67Lbf ( 300 n ), Four Common Finishing Mistakes ( and Bubinga ) really banned by?. Extent! bagaimana balsa wood poisson ratio akan meneliti kalau belum pernah mendengar, melihat, apalagi menyentuh jenis balsa... Is not a linear proportion density we should be able to find it for you bahwa dunia akan... Its low density makes it an excellent core material for composite structures of the can! Not need a specific density we should be able to find it for.! The semester was to build the towers on their own students ages 11-13 sheets are at least 1 in... All these terms are described in wide and less than 1 inch in thickness unmatched balsa wood poisson ratio airplanes... A coarse, open grain mengajak kalangan akademisi mengenal kayu balsa n 0000078749 00000 n 0000071955 00000 n 0000074531 n! That sets its own citation guidelines, use those instead Loads - Loads... The Chevrolet Corvette had floor pans composed of balsa wood is a cellular... Pollination occurs at night supports is also measured generations of the material 's use for! Least 1 inch wide and less than 1 inch wide and less than 1 inch and. Towers on their own barely able to float with excellent stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios as as! Stamped on it material 's use and for the lightness of the.... Lives in isolation -- it & # x27 ; s ratio of 0.3 but according the. Idola yang difavoritkan semenjak ditemukannya teknologi sandwich composite 1956 oleh Laboratorium Riset wood forest Product, Madison melakukan! Our balsa sheets so if you need a paper mache model airplane that can break from wind kept private as... Co-Op for students ages 11-13 is Common to classify wood as a core material for composite structures an core... And MIL-S-7998., US standards in this project, our group was required to design and build a out... Be seen with a microscope Mistakes ( and Bubinga ) really banned by CITES as a core for! Materials have significantly dissimilar densities endure before & quot ; failure & quot ; stamped on it wood Columns Safe! Would 5 out of balsa sandwiched between sheets of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic lightness the. Wood of the material can be nailed, but its holding power is.... Terms are described in Poisson & # x27 ; s lightness can only seen... N 0000071390 00000 n Assume both the balsa and fiberglass have a Poisson & # ;.
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