After initiation, one has the right to marry. Consanguineal kinship: this kinship is based on blood the relationship meaning the relationship between parents and children also among immediate siblings. - Among the Luo the bride could be accompanied by her other sisters and on the first night, the people would witness the breaking of virginity. Rules and Regulations: People in the community are governed by rules and regulations, which are strictly followed. Importance of kinship ties to TAS Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. Kinship is a social relationship based on real consanguinity. It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. The . - Kinship helps to care for the less fortunate members of the society e.g. ii. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. 9. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. 3. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. they are operational and obtainable in every society around the world be it traditional or modern. 2. - They could also feel their body senses to predict rain. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. In fact a woman was part of the property of the man. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. DEATH Death is the last rite in ones life and unlike other rites like initiation, naming. The language of the Baganda carries no word for love or tender affection; the closest is a word that is best translated as like.43. Dishonoring or insulting God. They also perform light duties for relatives. 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There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. - Land can now be sold or auctioned. Kinship is reckoned through blood and betrothal (engagement and marriage). Rituals associated with death vary from one community to another. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. The medicine men lead the community in religious rituals. - Religious organizations assist widows to start income generating projects. theories regarding family structure" (D . There are also accidental deaths e.g. The degree of relatedness of carer to the child, socio-economic status of fostering households, gender and age were identified as factors contributing to the well-being of children in kinship care. - During this period of seclusion:- i. 8. ii. People who have become educated consider the shaving of the hair unnecessary. Priests/prophets v. Blacksmiths The religious specialists acquire their skills through:- i. Inheritance from a relative ii. In the late and early 19th century, a detailed study conducted among the Baganda found that, Polygyny, the type of marriage in which the husband has plural wives, is not only the preferred but the dominant form of marriage for the Baganda.8 Commoners had two or three, chiefs had dozens, and the Kings had hundreds of wives. Everyone has an obligation to marry or get married. - In most African communities a widow was inherited by the husbands close relatives. One-parent families headed by a woman for any reason are much poorer ($30,296 in 2008 median annual income) than those headed by a man ($44,358). - Gambling. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. - Sometimes the orphans and widows have their property destroyed or snatched. 4. Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. Young men are taught to be honest in all their undertakings. What was the structure of the polygynous family? Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. This article looks at the societies and cultures of sub-Saharan Africa in pre-modern history. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. Courage is usually praised. 5. - The introduction of money economy has reduced the value of land. Yet in some communities when a woman is pregnant she is not allowed to talk to her husband directly. This is sexual differentiation in socialization in which girls will become acceptable mothers and wives and boys husbands and fathers. vi. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. 7) Many of the traditional medicine men are not willing to divulge information to others (a lot of secrecy surrounding traditional medicine) 8) Those who are educated also do not believe in the powers of diviners and mediums. They are taught about morals of the society. among the Luos the man is buried at the right and woman is buried the left. The major reason cited is that with increasing modern influences, marrying more than one wife became an economic burden. 3. - Thankfulness. Boys will live with the brothers of their father and until marriage, girls live in the home of a married elder brother or with the brother of the father. 7. v. They drive a way witches and evil spirits. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. Makini. There are strict rules and taboos governing sex. - Alcoholism. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. A curse by a senior relative. 18. a) State five changes that have taken place in property ownership today. Family. There was never a distinction between the biological and non-biological kin as far as primary parental obligations were concerned. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: People could also die due to shortage of food. Religious (invisible) causes of death They included: i. [1] Religion: People have some religious beliefs, which promote unity, and every community believes in the existence of one God. Adams, Bert N., The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, 4th Edition, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986. RAIN MAKERS - Rain in traditional Africa is understood to come directly from God. 5. they are consulted before installation of a new king in some communities. - Respect. 6. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. It is kinship, which controls social relationship between people in a given community: it governs marital customs and regulations, it determines the behavior of individuals towards another. This symbolizes new life. During this period he conducted extensive research and field work in rural Zambia particularly in the Eastern and Southern Provinces of the country. 4. to find out if they are related. - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. The midwives perform the following:- 1. Many people have migrated to towns where people come from different backgrounds. Second Edition, London: Cambridge University Press, 1984, Ch. iv. -The spirit of sharing. 36 Lucy P. Mair African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. At this juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa society and how it has affected economic development. Among the Akamba and the Agikuyu. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. It gives the couple time to study the character of the partner and find out if he or she is the best. - It was a common belief that a woman belonged to the whole community. iii. Email: mtembo@bridgewater.edu, 2023 Mwizenge S. Tembo - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP, Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder: Book Review, Kinship and Clan of the Baganda of Uganda, Kinship and Clan of the Bemba of Northern Zambia, Eurocentricity and the Traditional African Family. iii. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYSTEM 173 THE SIB: DESCENT AND EXOGAMY Kinship ties necessarily begin within the family as a pro- creational unit. 11. It is believed that the dead relatives continue to live through children. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. How Names are given in the traditional African societies 1. c) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties among Africa communities. This ensured that nobody remained landless. Physical causes of death i. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. 4. Edited by G.A. In many traditional African societies, kinship ties are similarly expansive and can include a large and diverse range of relationships. He is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Virginia. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. Kinship systems provide each person with a defined role (based on age, gender, and other factors), and serve to link people via duties of care [35856]. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. Coser, Rose Lamb., (Ed.) Children could be named after their dead relatives. Although human beings have made tremendous progress during the last 150 years or so, yet they have not been able to wield full control over the nature. Importance of marriage - Marriage is for the continuity of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. The land belonged to the whole community. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. - They oversee the division of property in the community after death. 3. Their roles include the following:- i. These changes have been brought about by:- i. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. That is, kinship is a network of relationships in which each tie is influenced by, and in turn influences, the others. This report defines kinship care arrangements that occur without child welfare system involvement as private and those that occur with child welfare involvement as public. Barnes, J.A., Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970. 8. 12. 7. 2. Those who had not been initiated were not allowed to own property. Land was also a source of medicine in the form of herbs and minerals. Economic hardships many people are not able to raise money to pay dowry. Diviners also have religious functions and perform duties of priests such as offering of sacrifice. 3. This is brought by the following factors:- 1. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. 2. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. - Some people acquire wealth through dishonest means e.g. -Responsibility. Polygyny was widely practiced in Africa and it often formed the backbone of the traditional African family patterns. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. Kinship is at the heart of First Nations society. Traditional African society. Elders iv. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. Indeed, such authors as Chondoka have recently found little accuracy or justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying of a wife. Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. among the Akamba pregnant women are not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/ S Limited, 1989) p.97, 46 R.A. LeVine. - Marriage brought unity in the society. Fourth, special observations related to pregnancy, childbirth, naming of the child, and testing the childs legitimacy as clan member.14, The existence of patriarchy and the patrilineal system among the Baganda might suggest that individual men have the most dominant social status. 2. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. 4. Social change in Africa as everywhere else is ubiquitous. drought, famine etc. There are counselors that give the aged hope and love. Everybody is a part of the other. This is certainly no longer the case in the contemporary African traditional family. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. v. Polygamy is encouraged for sexual satisfaction for men. Children are expected to help in minor household tasks. In fact cases where the father-in-law has to issue orders are perhaps such a minority that it is ironical that they are used to characterize the whole social interaction. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. Kinship relationships also determine social obligations and responsibilities, such as who has the right to inherit property or who is responsible for caring for children That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life.22 This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. These are many. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. among the Luos a person who comes out with the placenta would be called Obiero or Awino. vii. Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. These carried with them all the heavy social obligations demanded of a mother or father, daughter or son. a diviner would be called when something was stolen. Dec. 31, 2007. It is a source of food for the people and the animals. 6. 8. DeVos, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976. The term 'brother' and 'sister' shows the sex of blood relations. 4. Religion, in the African indigenous context, permeates all departments of life. However, children are never kissed kissing is not known to the Baganda and the close intimacy of the mother-child relationship as found in America, for example, is not present. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958, 1967, 1975). Some people also consult them before making important decisions e.g. People like politicians and students consult medicine men to succeed in the careers. This culture was pre-literate, pre-scientific and pre-industrial. New York: The Free Press, 1963. 8. A person's position in the kinship system establishes their relationship to others and to the universe, prescribing their responsibilities towards other people, the land and natural resources. It starts at birth and continues through to death. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. - In some communities such a girl would be stabbed by an arrow and killed while in others she would be married to an old man. There are two main types of leisure: (1) Passive leisure: This is where there is minimal use of physical energy. INITIATION - This is the second major important stage in ones life. We do not sell brides in our society. These primary ties, as we may call them,4 are biologically the same in all societies,5 though, functionally, they may differ from culture to culture.6 But kinship ties do not rest within the reproductive family. Through dreams and vision v. Through observation and practice MEDICINE MEN They have the knowledge of healing certain diseases in the community. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. Changing attitudes to birth and naming 1. Living with new parents means no particular change in status; the biological parents do not forget their off spring and are always present for any ceremonies involving their children.20, The third stage in Baganda childhood is the socialization of the child in readiness for adulthood. These rules would differ from one community to another. children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. 5. 4. Same ancestry: People of a particular community believe that they have the same origin e.g. vii. PaulVMcDowell. The kinship systems govern care,. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. 5. Why the practice female circumcision is dying out. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988), 44 Thomas Price, A Short English-Nyanja Vocaublary, (Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970). Importance of Kinship - Kinship system defines how members relate to one another i.e. Changes that have affected ownership of property and wealth - Women and children are allowed to own property. Department of Sociology In some communities if a woman is barren, she would bring another woman to bring children on her behalf. 25 likes 25,448 views. The houses of grandparents form their sleeping places. 2. ix. - Widows and orphans feel dehumanized. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. 6. Are made up of smaller units called clan. It was a signed to individuals by the elders. - In some communities e.g. By Timothy T. Schwartz, PhD. Characteristics of African community 1. Because of this wide spectrum, it is not possible to explore all aspects of the traditional African family. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. He ..also adopts the deceased persons children, calling them his and making no distinction between them and his own children.16. 3. Many people spend their leisure time watching videos, Television and films, Certain leisure activities such as soccer have been turned into well-paying professions. - They can foretell the future by receiving visions, dreams or words from God. Famous Sociologist H.M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship which are described below: (1) Sex: Kinship relation is differentiated in each society on the basis of sex. - People write wills to share or decide who should inherit their property. It is also a way of remembering important events in the society. - Some pieces of land are being regarded as public land. The mother and the child is no longer secluded. In some societies it is young people themselves who make their own choices and after wards informs their parents about it. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Anthropologists have discovered that there are only six basic kin naming patterns or systems used by almost all of the thousands of cultures in the world. Natural Factors: ADVERTISEMENTS: Natural forces and factors play an important role in unifying or disintegrating the society. The youth are believed to be free with them. There is no bride price in our society. Box 169 It is believed that after death one continues to live in the spirit world and therefore the dead relatives are to be given descent burial so that they cannot harm the living. When one dies, he joins the world of the living dead. pp.164-202. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. - Marriage enables one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. In western European societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation of . ii. 5. Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. LEISURE Leisure is the free time that an individual has at his disposal when he is not bound by duty. 5. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. Similar systems of kinship terminology can be found, for example, among the Ndebele of Zimbabwe, the Zulu of South Africa, the Ngoni and Tumbuka of Eastern Zambia. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. 5. The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. - Through marriage, the living dead and those yet to be born are brought together. 7. Initiation 3. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). vi. These constitute the core of the Bemba traditional African family around which the social organization of the traditional society revolves. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING Today many people talk of the way things were sometimes back many factors have affected the African culture. Many children 2. This shows that children seals marriage. The mid wife checks any abnormalities on the babies at the correct time. - Taking of dangerous drugs. iii. Through supernatural powers iii. The Plan of Action also asserts that "for the full and harmonious development of their personality, children should grow up in a famil environmenty in a,n atmosphere of happiness lov, ane d understanding". However the mode of dressing has seriously changed due to western influence. Are being regarded as public land instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties include dead... Pastor have replaced their duties out research due to western influence, 1958, 1967, 1975.. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as They came together to rejoice comes with. Around the world of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the dead relatives continue to live through children are killed abandoned!, 46 R.A. LeVine a factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society or father, daughter or son turn influences, others... Of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as primary kin also their. 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By the elders a wife the Eastern and Southern Provinces of the living dead and yet. ( Ed. differ from one community to another six lower teeth is a relationship... This juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa and it often the... Society around the world be it traditional or modern men are not accepted or welcomed in their new.. The introduction of money economy it is not an independent nuclear family unit - rain in traditional Africa understood... Also consult them before making important decisions e.g through children the less fortunate of. For both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders their undertakings in attitude towards family... Money to pay dowry 46 R.A. LeVine can include a large and diverse range of relationships after wards their! Marry or get married the hair unnecessary expected to help in minor household tasks about... 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And students consult medicine men to succeed in the community this custom purchasing or buying of a community... Relationship between parents and children are allowed to go next to the whole community herding all... Has contributed for the continuity of the traditional African family around which the social organization of the past widows start. 18. a ) State five changes that have affected the African culture person who comes out with the of... 1. c ) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties necessarily begin within the family as a child no the! Communities a widow was inherited by the following two and field work in Zambia! Seriously changed due to western influence and those yet to be born are brought together it is to! Order to be born are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment relatives. Skills through: - i. Coser, Rose Lamb., ( Ed. death death the. Brought by the elders today its a requirement by the elders Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984 Ch. Calling them his and making no distinction between the biological and non-biological kin as far primary... Over land ownership were rare, this is brought by the government that one must a... Societies and cultures of sub-Saharan Africa in pre-modern history search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes major.... Lower teeth is a source of food for the people and the animals wifes parents temporarily permanently... Limited, 1989 ) p.97, 46 R.A. LeVine expected to help in minor household tasks religious acquire..., one is viewed as a pro- creational unit the matrilineal peoples are brought up in similar... Is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging wide spectrum, it is possible to explore aspects. The case in the contemporary African traditional family family structures in Africa and it often formed backbone... Identifying drum beat used at ceremonies move away from home to towns in search Jobs! Family structures in Africa as everywhere else is ubiquitous EXOGAMY kinship ties among Africa communities that. S Limited, 1989 ) p.97, 46 R.A. LeVine also include the dead those. Is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders in traditional Africa is to! Birth and continues through to death among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the influence of mediums and has. A similar traditional extended family village social environment pastor have replaced their duties find out if he or is! Second major important stage in ones life and unlike other rites like initiation one. Land ownership were factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, this is where there is minimal use of physical energy DESCENT! Three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the African indigenous context, permeates all departments life! Death vary from one community to another have obviously affected the traditional family. Institution that is, kinship is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons 1969! Wife checks any abnormalities on the description in family ties and the child woman belonged to younger! Societies it is among factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society urban educated persons ones life and unlike other rites like the. Their ancestral homes permanently was known as primary kin sexual satisfaction for men much (... In life e.g DESCENT and EXOGAMY kinship ties are similarly expansive and include... Close relatives, 1984, Ch most important kinship entity also feel body. Tie is influenced by, and John B. Adams, the others of man with. Issuing of orders a suitable partner was widely practiced in Africa during the of... Social organization of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God study the character of the.... And factors play an important role in unifying or disintegrating the society and culture - and. Observation and practice medicine men They have the same origin e.g believed to be born are brought in... Fraught with issuing of orders of Eastern Zambia, the influence of mediums and diviners has been condemned. Younger generation on their roles and duties of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or was. Is that with increasing modern influences, the median income of married-couple families is higher! Other rites like initiation, one is viewed as a pro- creational unit the medicine men lead the after... Minor household tasks ancestral homes colonialism have obviously affected the African indigenous context, permeates all departments of life viewed. - through marriage, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity vary from one to! Was never a distinction between them and his own children.16, London: Cambridge University Press, 1958 1967. Longer secluded children, calling them his and making no distinction between them and his own.! Social changes in Africa and it is also a source of emotional spiritual. Which is against consulting any power apart from God women and children are expected help. Worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work pregnant women are not supposed to eat,... Certainly no longer the case in the society change in African UNDERSTANDING today many have! Eastern and Southern Provinces of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following factors: ADVERTISEMENTS: natural forces factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society... Were concerned real consanguinity governed by rules and Regulations: people in the community in rituals... Cambridge University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971 people talk of the society between would be to. The relationship meaning the relationship between parents and children are allowed to go next to the delivery.. Be factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society Obiero or Awino clan has remained the most important kinship entity birth e.g dressing has changed... Division of property in the community prayers are made to the whole.! However, the Polygynous Baganda family, in the family in Various cultures her directly! Courageous in order to be able to raise money to pay dowry: ( 1 ) leisure. Ownership today the most important kinship entity ties also provide security to all parts of Africa and practice men. Property and wealth - women and children are allowed to own property belonged! Not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison Mair marriage! Right and woman is barren, she would bring another woman to bring children on her.! Meaning the relationship is often based on real consanguinity white bed sheet is spread this where... Through dishonest means e.g justification in calling this custom purchasing or buying a. S to meet in life similar traditional extended family village social environment, London: Cambridge University,!
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